Relief: the sculptor carves out the image he wants to shape on the flat plate, so that it is separated from the original material plane. Relief is a combination of sculpture and painting. Relief uses compression to deal with objects, and uses perspective and other factors to represent three-dimensional space, and only for one or two sides to watch. Relief is usually attached to another plane, so it is more used in architecture. Relief because of its compression characteristics, occupies less space, so it is suitable for decoration in many environments. The relief is a kind of semi vertical sculpture, which is the image shape protruding on the stone surface. According to the different depth of stone removal in image modeling, it can be divided into light relief and high relief.

　　圓雕

　　circular engravure

　　圓雕又稱立體雕，是藝術(shù)在雕件上的整體表現(xiàn)。圓雕具體指非壓縮的，可以多方位、做角度欣賞的三維立體雕塑，觀賞者自己從不同的角度看到物件的各個(gè)側(cè)面。它要求雕刻者從前、后、左、右、上、中、下進(jìn)行雕刻。完全立體正是圓雕的代表性特征。此外，圓雕表現(xiàn)手段極其精煉，圓雕很少表現(xiàn)過去復(fù)雜、曲折的故事題材或情境，形體起伏即是圓雕的表現(xiàn)手法之一。

　　Circular sculpture, also known as three-dimensional sculpture, is the overall expression of art in sculpture. Circular sculpture specifically refers to the three-dimensional sculpture that is non compressed and can be viewed from multiple directions and angles. The viewer can see all sides of the object from different angles. It requires sculptors to carve from front, back, left, right, top, middle and bottom. Complete three-dimensional is the representative feature of the sculpture. In addition, the means of expression of the sculpture is extremely refined. The sculpture rarely shows the complicated and tortuous story themes or situations in the past. The undulation of the figure is one of the means of expression of the sculpture.

　　鏤雕

　　Carved

　　鏤雕亦鏤空，即把雕刻材料中沒有變現(xiàn)物象的部分掏空，把能表現(xiàn)物象的部分留下來。鏤雕的主要特點(diǎn)就是表現(xiàn)物象立體空間層次。基于鏤雕的難度很大，所以從石料挑選、作品布局、刀具配備到雕刻程序等，都與一般的雕刻技法有所不同。鏤雕的石料必須質(zhì)細(xì)性純，尤其是鏤空部分，更不應(yīng)有裂紋和高密度的砂格，否則容易造成斷裂。

　　Carving is also hollowed out, that is, the part of the carving material that does not realize the image is hollowed out, and the part that can express the image is left behind. The main feature of carving is to show the three-dimensional spatial level of objects. Based on the difficulty of carving, it is different from the general carving techniques in terms of stone selection, work layout, cutting tools and carving procedures. The carved stone must be pure in quality and fineness, especially the hollow part, and there should be no cracks and high-density sand grid, otherwise it is easy to cause fracture.

　　透雕

　　Openwork

　　在浮雕作品中，保留凸出的物象部分，而將背面部分進(jìn)行局部鏤空，就稱為透雕。有些雕刻技法分類講透雕和鏤雕化為一種雕刻技法，這是值得商榷的。結(jié)合浮雕與圓雕的特點(diǎn)和施藝技巧來看，透雕與鏤雕都有穿透雕刻的特性，但是兩者之間還是有明顯的不同。透雕是在浮雕的基礎(chǔ)上，一般鏤空背景部分，透雕的背面多以插屏的形式來表現(xiàn)，有單面透雕和雙面透雕之分。單面透雕只刻正面，雙面透雕則將正、反面的物象都刻出來。

　　In relief works, it is called openwork to keep the protruding image part and to hollow out the back part. Some carving techniques are classified into openwork and openwork, which is worth discussing. According to the characteristics and techniques of relief and circular sculpture, both openwork and openwork have the characteristics of penetrating sculpture, but there are still obvious differences between them. Openwork is on the basis of relief, generally hollow out the background. The back of openwork is mostly in the form of screen, which can be divided into single-sided openwork and double-sided openwork. The single-sided openwork only carves the front side, while the double-sided openwork carves the front and back images.

　　沉雕

　　Sunk sculpture

　　沉雕，又稱“水磨沉花”，是在自然生態(tài)較光滑的巖石上或建筑構(gòu)建如門楹、石柱、壁堵等便面，描繪圖像，然后雕鑿凹入，利用陰影產(chǎn)生立體感。多數(shù)是摩崖字匾、碑刻文字及楹聯(lián)等。

　　Sink carving, also known as "water grinding sink flower", is to depict the image on the natural and ecological smooth rock or the building construction such as the door and column, stone pillar, wall block and so on, and then carve the concave, using the shadow to produce the three-dimensional sense. Most of them are inscriptions on cliffs, inscriptions and couplets.

　　線雕

　　Line carving

　　線雕與沉雕施藝?yán)砟钣邢嗨浦赋觯窨碳挤ㄓ钟兴煌４祟愇嫷膶懸狻⒅氐⒕€條造型、散點(diǎn)透視等傳統(tǒng)筆法，石料經(jīng)平面加工拋光后，描摹圖案文字，然后依圖刻上線條，以線條粗細(xì)深淺程度，利用陰影體現(xiàn)立體感。

　　It is pointed out that the concept of line carving and sink carving is similar, but the carving techniques are different. This kind of traditional strokes, such as freehand brushwork, overlapping, line modeling and scattered perspective, attract Chinese painting. After the stone is processed and polished on the plane, it depicts the pattern and characters, and then carves the lines according to the figure, so as to reflect the three-dimensional sense with the thickness and depth of the lines.

　　石雕中，巨者雄偉壯觀，微者掌中把玩；賦頑石以靈氣，龍鳳麒獅，人物花鳥，無(wú)不栩栩如生，令人嘆為觀止。

　　In the stone carving, the giant is majestic, while the micro one is playing with it in his hand; the immortal stone is endowed with spirit, and the dragon, Phoenix, unicorn, lion, flowers and birds are all lifelike and amazing.

　　以上是山東浮雕雕塑廠家的詳細(xì)介紹，想要了解更多歡迎咨詢http://www.libpo.com.cn網(wǎng)站。

　　The above is a detailed introduction of Shandong relief sculpture manufacturers. If you want to know more, please contact us http://www.libpo.com.cn Website.